Animal Testing Essay Introduction Example For Students

Animal Testing Essay Introduction annonEvery year, millions of animals suffer and die in painful tests todetermine the safety ofcosmetics. Substances such as eye shadow and soap are tested onrabbits, rats, guineapigs, dogs, and other animals, despite the fact that the test resultsdon’t help prevent ortreat human illness or injury. Cosmetics are not required to be tested on animals and sincenon-animalalternatives exist, it’s hard to understand why some companies stillcontinue to conductthese tests. Cosmetic companies kill millions of animals every year totry to make a profit. According to the companies that perform these tests, they are done toestablish the safetyof a product and the ingredients. However, the Food and DrugAdministration (FDA)which regulates cosmetic products, does not require animal testing. Some of the testsused on animals are eye irritancy tests, acute toxicity tests, and skinirritancy tests. In eye irritancy tests, a liquid, flake, granule, or powderedsubstance is droppedinto the eyes of a group of albino rabbits. The animals are oftenimmobilized in stocksfrom which only their heads protrude. They usually receive noanesthesia during the tests. After placing the substance into the rabbits eyes, lab techniciansrecord the damage to theeye tissue at specific intervals over an average period of 72 hours. The tests sometimeslast seven to eighteen days. Reactions to the substances includeswollen eyelids,ulceration, bleeding, swollen irises massive deterioration, andblindness. During the tests,rabbits eyelids are usually held open with clips, because of this, manyanimals try to breaktheir necks as they try to escape. Acute toxicity tests, commonly called lethal dose or poisoningtests, determine theamount of a substance that will kill a percentage, even up toone-hundred percent, of agroup of test animals. In these tests, a substance is forced by tubeinto the animalsstomach or through holes cut in their throats. Experimenters observethe animalsreactions which can include convulsions, labored breathing,malnutrition, skin eruptions,and bleeding from the eyes, nose, or mouth. The test was developed in1927 and thetesting continues until at least fifty percent of the animals die(usually takes 2-4 weeks). Like eye irritancy tests, lethal dose tests are unreliable and have toomany variables tohave a constant result. Skin irritancy tests are conducted on rabbits, guinea pigs andother animals. Theprocess involves placing chemicals on the animals raw, shaved skin andcovering the skinwith adhesive plaster. The animals are immobilized in restrainingdevices to prevent themfrom struggling. Meanwhile, laboratory workers apply the chemicalswhich burn into theanimals skin. Alternatives to cosmetic testing are less expensive andgenerally more reliable toperform. Animals have different biological systems than humanstherefore the tests can’tbe as accurate as the current tests. Some alternatives include cellcultures, tissue cultures,corneas from eye banks, and sophisticated computer and mathematicalmodels. Companies can also devise a formula using ingredients already provensafe by the Foodand Drug Administration. Most cruelty-free companies use a combinationof methods toensure the safety of a product. Lobbying by animal welfare groups has resulted in federal,state, and locallegislation severely restricting animal experimentation. For example,under the U.S. Animal welfare act, all animals used in biomedical research must bebought from vendorslicensed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The USDA inspectslaboratories whereanimals are used and enforces federal laws regarding treatment and careof the animals. Biomedical scientists have also taken action to prevent the abuse of theanimals, mostlybecause abused animals may not provide reliable data. The AmericanPhysiologicalSociety, the National Institutes of Health, and many other scientificorganizations havejoined to lay down guidelines for the use and treatment of experimentalanimals. Now,there are also many universities with animal welfare committees. .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030 , .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030 .postImageUrl , .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030 , .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030:hover , .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030:visited , .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030:active { border:0!important; } .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030:active , .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030 .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc2d9a9e0b32886a731c496cf20f26030:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mid-Winter Advance Weekends EssayIn the United States survey by the American Medical Association,it was foundthat 75 percent of Americans are against using animals in cosmetictesting. Hundreds ofcompanies have responded by switching to animal-friendly test methods. To help put anend to animal testing, people can stop buying products that were testedon animals. Youcan also call and write to these companies, or write to yourcongressional representativeabout the alternatives that can be used.

Bluest Eye Essay Example For Students

Bluest Eye Essay Toni Morissons novel The Bluest Eye is about the life of the Breedlove familywho resides in Lorain, Ohio, in the late 1930s. This family consists of themother Pauline, the father Cholly, the son Sammy, and the daughter Pecola. Thenovels focal point is the daughter, an eleven-year-old Black girl who is tryingto conquer a bout with self-hatred. Everyday she encounters racism, not justfrom white people, but mostly from her own race. In their eyes she is much toodark, and the darkness of her skin somehow implies that she is inferior, andaccording to everyone else, her skin makes her even uglier. Shefeels she can overcome this battle of self-hatred by obtaining blue eyes, butnot just any blue. She wants the bluest eye. Morrison is able to use hercritical eye to reveal to the reader the evil that is caused by a society thatis indoctrinated by the inherent goodness and beauty of whiteness and theugliness of blackness. She uses many different writing tools to depict howwhite beliefs have dom inated American and African American culture. The narrative structure of The Bluest Eye is important in revealing just howpervasive and destructive social racism is. Narration in novel comes fromseveral sources. Much of the narration comes from Claudia MacTeer as a nine yearold child, but Morrison also gives the reader the insight of Claudia reflectingon the story as an adult, some first person narration from Pecolas mother, andnarration by Morrison herself as an omniscient narrator. Pecolas experienceswould have less meaning coming from Pecola herself because a total and completevictim would be an unreliable narrator, unwilling or unable to relate the actualcircumstances of that year. Claudia, from her youthful innocence, is able to seeand relate how the other characters, especially Pecola, idolize theideal of beauty presented by white, blue-eyed movie stars likelittle Shirley Temple. In addition to narrative structure, the structure andcomposition of the novel itself help to illustrate how much and for how longwhite ideas of f amily and home have been forced into black culture. Instead ofconventional chapters and sections, The Bluest Eye is broken up into seasons,fall, winter, spring, and summer. This type of organization suggests that theevents described in The Bluest Eye have occurred before, and will occur again. This kind of cycle suggests that there is notion that there is no escape fromthe cycle of life that Breedloves and MacTeer live in. Further, dividing thebook are small excerpts from the Dick and Jane primer that is thearchetype of the white upper-middle class lifestyle. Each excerpt has, in someway, to do with the section that follows. So the section that describes Pecolasmother is started with an excerpt describing Dick and Janes mother, and so on. The excerpts from Dick and Jane that head each chapterare typeset without any spaces or punctuation marks. The Dick andJane snippets show just how prevalent and important the images of whiteperfection are in Pecolas life; Morrisons strange typography illustrates howirrelevant and inappropriate these images actually are. Names play an importantpart in The Bluest Eye because they are often symbolic of conditions in societyor in the context of the story. The name of the novel, The BluestEye, is meant to get the reader thinking about how much value is placed onblue-eyed little girls. Pecola and her family are representative of the largerAfrican-American community, and their name, Breedlove, is ironicbecause they live in a society that does not breed love. In fact, itbreeds hate; hate of blackness, and thus hatred of oneself. The MacTeer girlsare flattered when Mr. Henry said Hello there. You must be Greta Garbo,and you must be Ginger Rogers, for the names ring of beauty that the girlsfee l they will never reach. Soaphead Church represents, as his name suggests,the role of the church in African-American life. I, I have caused amiracle. I gave her the eyes. I gave her the blue, blue, two blue eyes,Soaphead says. The implication is that the churchs promise that if you worshipGod and pray to Him that everything will be alright is no better than Soapheadspromise to Pecola that she will have blue eyes. Morrison reveals thesignificance of Pecolas name through the character of Maureen Peal. Maureenconfuses Pecolas name with the name of a character in the movie Imitation ofLife. By this allusion, Morrison illustrates that Pecolas life is an imitationof the real experiences of black women. Morrison also uses metaphors to describethe conditions under which African-Americans in general and Pecola in particularare forced to live. There are two major metaphors in The Bluest Eye, one ofmarigolds and one of dandelions. Claudia, looking back as an adult, says in thebeginning of the novel, there were no marigolds in the fall of 1941. .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50 , .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50 .postImageUrl , .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50 , .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50:hover , .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50:visited , .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50:active { border:0!important; } .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50:active , .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50 .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua5161351768ea52dfe22eec40d9d5e50:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Family Values EssayShe and her sister plant marigold seeds with the belief that if the marigoldswould grow and survive, so would Pecolas baby. Morrison unpacks the metaphorthroughout the book, and, through Claudia, finally explains it and broadens itsscope to all African-Americans on the last page. I even think now that theland of the entire country was hostile to marigolds that year. Certain seeds itwill not nurture, certain fruits it will not bear . . . The implication isthat Pecola, like so many other African-Americans, never had a chance to growand succeed because she lived in a society (soil) that wasinherently racist, and would not nurture her. The other flower, the dandelion,is important as a metaphor because it represents Pecolas image of herself. Pecola passes some dandelions going into Mr. Yacobowskis store. Why, shewonders, do people call them weeds? She thought they were pretty. AfterMr. Yacobowski humiliates her, she again passes the dandelions and thinks;They are ugly. They are weeds. She has transferred societys dislikeof her to the dandelions. In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison tells the story of alittle black girl who thinks that if she can live up to the image of theblue-eyed Shirley Temple and Dick and Jane that she will have the perfect lifethat they have. The importance of this book goes beyond its value as a work ofliterature. Morrison speaks to the masses, both white and black, showing how aracist social system wears down the minds and souls of people, how dominateimages of white heroes and heroines with blue eyes and wonderful lives showyoung black children that to be white means to be successful and happy, and thenthey look around at their own lives of poverty and oppression and learn to hatetheir black heritage for keeping them from the Dick and Jane world. Morrisondoes not solve these problems, nor does she even try, but she does show areflection of a world that cannot call itself right or moral.

Macbeth And Lady Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth And Lady Macbeth Thesis Page We realize that having the power to make conscience descions results in a responsibility for our descions. Their responsibility may manifest as guilt or happiness. 1 Macbeth and Lady Macbeth's Consciousness Humans have free will, and this free will give us the right to choose between good and evil. In the play Macbeth by Shakespeare, Macbeth and his wife plot the murder of King Duncan, so that they can become rulers over Scotland. We realize that having the power to make conscience descions results in a responsibility for our descions. These responsibilities may manifest as guilt or happiness. Macbeth is at first a man with a clear conscience until he is corrupted by his wife. Lady Macbeth is hungry for power so she presses Macbeth to kill Duncan as quickly as possible. The visions Macbeth sees before entering Duncan's chamber dwell entirely on the circumstances of horror and fear. Macbeth knows concisously that killing Duncan is wrong. Yet he also knows that to be king he has to kill Duncan. After the murders we realize that Macbeth has guilt, and pity for the murder that he just committed because he replies to Lady Macbeth To know my deed, 'twere best not know myself.(II.ii.72) Macbeths' tragedy can be paralleled to those tragedies of the present day. Just as Macbeth goes from fear, to guilt, and to finally his conscience destroying him. It also holds true for the murderer Susan Smith. Both murderers know conscientiously that the murders that they commit are wrong, they both feel guilt, and there both destroyed by the descions that they made. Macbeths' conscience has the power to destroy his conscience 2 when he commits the murder. As Joseph suggests When the murder of Duncan is committed from an immediate Consciousness of the Fact, his Ambition is ingulph'd at that Instant, by the Horror of the Deed...(42). Macbeth's disordered senses deceive him and his debilitated spirits fail him. He listens when nothing stirs and he mistakes the sounds he does hear. He is so confused, and can not distinguish when the knocking proceeds. Whence is that knocking? How is't with me when every noise appalls me? What hands are here? Ha! They pluck out mine eyes! Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand...?(II.ii.56-60) After he commits the terrible deed, he shows Lady Macbeth his hands covered with blood. Lady Macbeth fears nothing at this point. She is eager that the deed Macbeth committed is fulfilled. She feels that the blood on Macbeth's hands can be cleared by the purity of water. . ..a little water clears us of this deed...(II.ii.64). Lady Macbeth comforts Macbeth. Her planning and plotting work accordingly as she assumed it would. She tells Macbeth that soon they will be the King and Queen of Scotland. Macbeths' evil conscience takes over him in such a great extent that he plans for the murder of Banquo, Fleance, and Macduffs' family. Even thought these murders are not committed 3 by the hands of Macbeth. They are committed at the hands of Macbeth. Macbeth hires two murderers to commit these acts of violence. After the murder of Banquo and Macduff's family Macbeth then returns to the three weird sisters. These three witches give him three new prophecies. 1.) ... Beware Macduff(IV.i.71)! 2.) ... the pow'r of man for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth(IV.i.81-82). 3.) ...Macbeth shall never vanquished until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall comes against him(IV.i.92-94). Bradley asserts that While the influences of the witches' prophecies on Macbeth if very great, it is quite clearly shown to be an influence and nothing more.(172) What leads in the downfall of the hero is really his half conscience guilt, of the three withces. Macbeth listens to the prophecies, thinking nothing will happen to him or his wife. He feels that he will remain safely the King of Scotland, but he must murder to retain power and the Thanes do not remain loyal, nor can his own wife live with things as they are. Lady Macbeth becomes mad and crazy. She fantasizes in her sleep of having blood on her hands. This derived from her earlier certainty that she and her husband needed no more than a little water to clear them of this deed. As Joseph said She had found

Tips For Choosing Good School Essay Topics

Tips For Choosing Good School Essay TopicsGood school essay topics give your readers a sense of understanding and convenience. Also, good essay topics should address a specific subject or interest of the reader.Therefore, choosing the right school essay topics is of utmost importance. The first rule in essay writing is to write the topic in a way that will be easy for the reader to comprehend. So, before you can start writing, you must have an idea of what you want to say.So what are the things that should be given emphasis in good school essay topics? Depending on the subject, there are various things that you should include in your topic. Below are the three major categories that are most commonly used by students.One of the first things that should be given focus in good school essay topics is to talk about your background or life experiences. Presenting a person as an individual and telling his or her life story is one of the best ways to make a reader relate to you and listen to you. This will also help the reader to understand your feelings and opinions more deeply. Remember that as the essay is very important, it should be written in a way that will benefit the reader.Another one of the main things that should be given great emphasis in good school essay topics is the topic itself. Writing with a purpose should be done at the end of the essay to fully understand the topic well enough to have a clear perception of the topic itself. That is the key that will help you convey your message effectively.Finally, good school essay topics also refer to how the topic is written. The writer should know what he or she is talking about. The basics of grammar should be followed to make sure that your reader will understand your article. Writing that uses language that is awkward or incorrect, will only bore the reader instead of informing him or her about the topic itself.Good school essay topics should also follow the structure of a thesis statement. The premise is t he thing that will drive the point of the article and thus it should be presented well. Finally, there should be a conclusion which will tell the reader about the conclusion and will support the points being made in the essay. This will help your readers understand the entire point of the essay better.So make sure that you also use the tips above when you are choosing good school essay topics. Good things happen when they are written well!

The Right Grammar for the Personal Statement

The Right Grammar for the Personal Statement Grammar means a lot. At the same time, it can be really tricky. If your dream is to become a high class advocate, journalist or professional writer, the abilities to both – write and speak well are the must-haves. Clients, colleagues as well as everyone else you will be interacting with will judge how smart you are by how well you can speak and write. Excellent writing and speaking skills are essential for the personal statement that you may be cracking on with now. Make sure you know how to impress your tutor with the proper grammar of your project. Use Commas You will be surprised to know that commas are important. Make sure to use them when writing a personal statement. First of all, you need comma when writing a list or a series. In case there are only two elements in the list, no need to use comma. Have you got more than two elements in the list? Don’t forget to put comma after each of them, including the one before the â€Å"and†. Short Sentences Stay away from long sentences. Keep your writing concise. In case you see that some of the sentences of the personal are too long, and separated by commas only – or worse, there are no punctuation sings at all – do your best to break the sentences down with more full stops. Me, Myself I If you happen to be the subject of the sentence, â€Å"myself† and â€Å"me† are not the best idea. Have you ever heard the sentences like â€Å"myself likes green† or â€Å"me walks into the kitchen†? Using â€Å"I† is the right choice for the examples mentioned above. One of the worst mistakes in this case is the incorrect plural possessive like the following: â€Å"My aunt and I’s vase†. Sounds dreadful, don’t you think? The right variants will be to say â€Å"our vase†, â€Å"my vase† or even â€Å"the vase my aunt and I use / possess†. Correct Foreign Names and Words When dealing with the unknown words and foreign names, make sure to follow the generally accepted rules – either use of the original form of the names or the English translation. As a rule, students face with this kind of problems, when dealing with the language like Latin, Greek and Danish, etc. that have diagraphs. As an example, take a look at Oedipus and Edipus. While these forms are equally correct, the first one is more generally known and accepted when the question is about the English language. The number one piece of advice for every essay writer may sound as READ THE ESSAY OUT LOUD. That’s right. Make certain to read what you have written from A to Z out loud. Does the essay sound right for you? Even the most inexperienced writers can always say that something does not pleases our ears even if they cannot say what exactly is wrong. It is recommended to circle all the segments of the text that seem to need some correction. Do not forget to give some grammar attention to the mentioned area. CustomWritings.com personal statement writing service can provide you with professional writing assistance on any topic and discipline. Contact us now!

Is Your State Governed by Daubert or Frye Term Paper

Is Your State Governed by Daubert or Frye - Term Paper Example by using experience and common sense, professional witness give conclusions on the basis of the knowledge and practices beyond the average judge’s comprehension (Suzanne, 1996). Consequently, statement by unpoliced professional witness can possibly have a biased effect on the judge, who might tend to be more inclined to believing that that the statement is exclusively based on the expert status of the witness. How can the trial jury be in a position of determining whether the professional is just speculating, or even whether the proof on which the professional is basing their statement is adequate to support the ruling? Certainly, the lay witness is prevented from speculation by the jury and can direct rulings when there is adequate evidence in support of a finding. Then is the screening of professional witness by a judge different from this practice? This is a question that poses weighty issues regarding the nature of the role of the judges. In order to be in a position of ma king an informed judgment concerning whether to admit a professional, the jury would appear to require at least a modicum of professionalism in the field of witness. In Robinson, which involved a professional testimony regarding whether a DuPont fertilizer harmed the pecan trees of Robinsons, we find that the Supreme Court of Texas maintained that the Texas’ Civil Evidence Laws not only need a professional witness to be qualified, but also to offer statement that is relevant and also on the basis of a credible foundation. Nevertheless, in so doing, Robinson sufficiently adopted the standard of Daubert. The main difference in the case of Robinson was the fact that the Supreme Court of Texas had never adopted the ‘general acceptance’ standard of Frye that was particularly dismissed in Daubert, but instead had used an examination of whether the professional testimony ‘helped the fact’s trier’ under the 702 Rule. However, the Supreme Court of Texas perceived the credibility and

Book review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book review - Essay Example From a brief overview of this book, it is evident that the author has a passion for English Language. The appendices and glossary of the book create a picture of the book contents to the readers. The book also contains citations that tag along translations of the same. In short, the technical aspect of the book highlights the themes the author aims at displaying. Apart from this work, Lerer has worked on many other works including articles and recordings of the development of the English language. The major theme of the book is to trace the development of language as a result of the influence of historical backgrounds and occurrences. In his work, he draws attention to the key moments that led to the development of language. The first stage according to Lerer (pp.56) is the Caedmon era of the 7th Century; he wraps up his language on Christian concepts that shaped the daily living of individuals. These chronicles documented major events that unfold in the day to day living ranging fro m the normal conversations in the localities to language in courts. In his work, Lerer (pp.4) indicates, various forms of language came up including Language that was applicable in the courts. From his argument, it is justified to argue that Lerer (pp.5) indicates that language has had a series of developments till the novel language. Among the quotations include ‘ban’, ‘ham’ and ‘twa’ which Lerer quotes to have evolved to bone, home and two respectively. All culture and people have played a major role in the development of language at all levels in the society. However, he indicates that language development has greatly been influenced by know-how, globalization, war as well as politics. Through the above techniques, people have endeavored to communicate with one another, in turn creation and development of language in the societies. Lerer (pp.28) argues in his work that language is beautiful and will always develop despite the situations or o ccurrences in the society. By virtue of language not being static, he praises the fact that even in times of appalling situations, language has never become futile. It is in light to this argument that language has experienced changes that keep unfolding as each day progresses. In fact, he indicates that at times when the human race experienced its worse times and phases, neither did language diminish nor disappear, but kept flourishing alongside events in the society. Lerer (pp.91) advises individuals not to despond whilst reading the English language. Though at times, the language may prove difficult to read and comprehend, readers of works must take initiatives of acquiring the best information from a certain material. He indicates that his work must not be viewed as a complex structure, but a mere conversation with the person who read his work. This is possible through his simple and understandable writing style, short and comprehensive chapters that display a clear transition f rom the earlier centuries to the present life. Throughout the book, one is bound to have a compulsion of the work though the themes are not quite interrelated in all chapters but dissimilar essays. This work brings to light the meagerness of studying English language. Lerer (pp.41) in turn, offers readers an opportunity to read and understand the language through explanations on the history and development of the language. He brings out propinquity on the changes that took