The Influence of Mass Media on the Development of Modern Music Free Essay Example, 4500 words

Rock music is a generalization of the name of a number of areas of popular music. In studying the history of music it is, of course, necessary to learn certain facts about musical forms and styles in the different historical periods, but it is even more necessary to get to know the music itself. The facts are but dry bones: the music alone gives them life and meaning . The word rock indicates the characteristics of these areas, rhythmic sensations, associated with a particular form of motion, similar to roll , twist , swing , shake and so forth. Such features of rock music, as the use of the instrument, creative self-sufficiency (for rock musicians characterized by the execution of their own compositions) are often confusing for those, who is not familiar with this style. For this reason, the belonging of some musical styles to rock is contested. Rock is also a special subcultural phenomenon; fashion, hippie, punk, metal, emo and so forth are inextricably linked with certain g enres of rock music. Rock music has a large number of areas, from "light" genres such as dance rock and roll, pop rock, Brit-pop, to brutal and aggressive ones, such as death metal and grind core. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Mass Media on the Development of Modern Music or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Persuasive Speech Uw Madison - 932 Words

â€Å"What! No! Why!?† Without a doubt, these words have been exalted by many candidates during the competitive transfer process at UW-Madison. Although I was denied transfer admission, I cannot but respect the decision I was given. However, I believe that UW-Madison has not seen the full extent of me. I would like to provide this letter with additional merit to display that I am stronger than earlier evidenced in my Fall of 2016 application. In reflection of my application, I believe I know where I went wrong above all: my GPA. With a GPA of 2.750 for Microbiology, I see reason as to why UW-Madison would question it. The university seeks unique individuals out of thousands in hopes of ensuring a vibrant and prestigious community for knowledge. Even though the campus has stated that it has been historically low to reverse an appeal, I feel the ultimate obligation to write this letter and submit it. Since submitting the original application, I have discovered ways to put myself forward in the campus, to understand that some events are helping me to pursue a positive foundation and ways to contribute to UW-Madison. At this moment, I am a part of Residence Life, ensuring a positive atmosphere to the fellow students around me. Within Residence Life, I hold a position in Core Team and Leadership Team in my hall. With my past experiences of role modeling, I felt this position would be great to direct residents to become involved and assure them that opportunities for them are there for

San Diego School System Free Essays

Question 1: What is the appropriate discount rate for a government agency such as the San Diego City Schools? The appropriate discount rate should be determined from the federal risk free interest rate plus a small risk premium. The federal risk free interest rate in 2002 averaged 5. 4%. We will write a custom essay sample on San Diego School System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Using this as the base, a government agency other than the federal government would need to add a small risk premium to compensate investors for the additionalrisk associated with being a school district instead of the federal government. San Diego would also need to add additional compensation to account for tax factors. With these factors in mind, San Diego should use a discount factor of approximately 7. 8% (5. 4% risk free rate + . 5% risk premium + 1. 9% tax compensation). Question 2: Calculate the ROI for San Diego’s ERP system. How can you quantify the soft benefits of the system and include them in the analysis? The soft benefits can be quantified through creative assumptions. These assumptions can come from experiences others had when implementing similar solutions or from drawing on similarities between other quantifiable benefits. Other principals compared their successful implementation like receiving an additional recruiting team, valued at $320K/year, this can be used as the estimate for Weiman’simproved recruiting due to the HR solution. Likewise, SDCS spent $400k/year on an internal audit team to provide access to HR data, this team could be disbanded with the implementation of an HR solution leading to a $400k/year benefit. Improved employee morale and productivity could be measured by a lower turnover rate, leading to lower training costs and recruitment costs, as well as higher output rates leading to lower clerical demands and improved service. {draw:frame} Question 3: With the information you have access to, what should Weimann present and recommend at the board meeting? Specifically, would you recommend going forward with the HR system implementation? If not, what alternatives would you suggest? Currently, payroll is managed through paper time cards and time sheets, leading to errors and wasted hours for correction. Over twenty eight different forms are used to process various pay actions. With an ERP HR solution, these forms could be simplified, transitioned to paperless and would become more convenient as a result. The ERP HR solution would also result in fewer errors, with employees checking in and out through the system instead of paper cards. Employees would also be able to frequently check their timecard and make payroll aware of any errors, before paychecks were distributed eliminating, or greatly reducing, the need for any out of period paychecks which increased payroll processing costs dramatically. Employee benefits are currently handled by the benefits department which also monitors payments by employees and the benefits status of each employee. With an ERP solution, employees could be held responsible for their own payments and ensure good standing by monitoring their accounts. Question 4: What are the risks associated with the project? Would you advise the school board of these risks? As presenting the program to the school board, risks would be brought up in order to ensure no corners were cut after initial implementation. In would be advised and urged that the risks of implementation are natural and inevitable with any technological system. As with any ERP system, many setbacks will be crossed. However, the benefits clearly outweigh the risks and should implementation succeed, the school board will greatly benefit with long term cost reductions. How to cite San Diego School System, Papers

Marketing strategy for GE Healthcare-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss, analyze and answer the case study of GE Healthcare's Pocket-Sized Imaging Device. Answer: Discussion of introduction of Vscan and analysis that is it a disruptive innovation or not Disruptive innovation refers to the innovation of a product in market, which affects the sales of an existing product in a market (King and Baatartogtokh 2015). In the context of GE Healthcare they have introduced Vscan device that is a powerful ultrasound technology. The size of this equipment is as like as a smart phone. This is very helpful for the primary care physician to diagnose gallstone, fluid on the heart and the way of heart pumping. This device is easy to carry from one room to another room. This provides the physician high imaging capabilities while they diagnose the patients. However, Vscan creates a new market and the new value network for GE Healthcare. This technology derived from the strategic viewpoints of GE Healthcare, which is termed as healthymagination. Therefore, this new technology replaces the position stethoscope and expensive ultrasound consol. Thus, it affects the existing market of the healthcare equipments those have similar functions like Vscan. Hence , it can be said that Introduction of Vscan is a disruptive innovation in the context of GE Healthcare. Lunching of the Vsacn by GE Healthcare is a disruptive innovation as it hampers the present market value of an existing product. Often innovation of new products replaces the products having similar functions (Wan et al. 2015). As per the given scenario, GE Healthcare has decided to invest $6 billion to improve the efficiency of the Vscan. $8000 Vscan device consists of the equivalent image quality of expensive midrange ultrasound console device. Hence, innovation of Vscan cannibalizes the sales of high priced imaging equipment that are produced by GE Healthcare. Marketing strategy for GE Healthcare to enhance the adoption of Vscan in US and global market Implementation of the diffusion of innovation is an effective marketing strategy for the organization to boost the adoption process of their new product (Cusumano et al. 2015). In the context of GE Healthcare incorporation of the diffusion of the innovation strategy regarding Vscan technology will be great approach to speed the adoption of such product in the global market. In US the people adopt the products by analyzing its benefits. Hence, the diffusion innovation strategy will be effective for GE Healthcare to convey the detail of their product to the target audience. Knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation and confirmation are the five major steps of such strategy. In the knowledge stage the marketers will create the awareness among the audience regarding the product (Heidenreich and Kraemer 2016). Therefore, in the persuasion stage the GE Healthcare can understand the perspective of the audience in the global market. Therefore, in the decision stage they reveal the decision of the adaptors and then they implement the marketing process for this product. In the final stage of this strategy that is the confirmation stage GE Healthcare can understand the behavior or attitude of the adopter regarding their new product Vscan. If they are able to implement each stage of this strategy then they can offer the new Vscan products with advanced features based on the customers needs. As a result, it will be adopted in the US as well as in the global market. References Cusumano, M.A., Kahl, S.J. and Suarez, F.F., 2015. Services, industry evolution, and the competitive strategies of product firms.Strategic management journal,36(4), pp.559-575. Heidenreich, S. and Kraemer, T., 2016. Innovationsdoomed to fail? Investigating strategies to overcome passive innovation resistance.Journal of Product Innovation Management,33(3), pp.277-297. King, A.A. and Baatartogtokh, B., 2015. How useful is the theory of disruptive innovation?.MIT Sloan Management Review,57(1), p.77. Wan, F., Williamson, P.J. and Yin, E., 2015. Antecedents and implications of disruptive innovation: Evidence from China.Technovation,39, pp.94-104

Creating an Environment Conducive to Learning Essay Example

Creating an Environment Conducive to Learning Paper Learning can occur in many settings, not just in the classroom. Accordingly, the term classroom in this book is used figuratively and includes a wide range of learning environments. Creating a positive learning environment is the cornerstone of effective teaching. In order for our students to succeed, they must first believe they can succeed. Students must have confidence in their abilities and they must feel that the teacher shares that confidence. A positive learning environment nurtures these feelings by allowing students to explore and expand their knowledge without undue risk or fear. A positive environment is fostered when learning outcomes and expectations are clearly communicated to the detent. Students have a wide range of learning needs and styles, and this diversity must be taken into account in employing a variety of teaching strategies. The size of the classroom, the arrangement of the furniture, the functioning of equipment and other physical aspects of the class all contribute to, or detract from, the learning environment. When these factors can be manipulated to be positive influences, an environment more conducive to learning will be created. Creating a positive learning environment is the cornerstone of effective teaching. As teachers we are accountable to our students, as well as to their future employers. We assist students to achieve course and program learning outcomes. The success of our efforts depends on our ability to create and maintain favorable instructional, physical and psychological learning environments. A positive learning environment is one in which all students have an equal opportunity to succeed. We will write a custom essay sample on Creating an Environment Conducive to Learning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Creating an Environment Conducive to Learning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Creating an Environment Conducive to Learning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As conscientious teachers, we need to become aware of our own assumptions and guard against acting out our own biases. We must avoid creating or tolerating a climate in the classroom which in any way results in the unfair treatment of an individual because of his or her identity. Ecclesial order for learning to come accessible to a student, it needs to be presented in an atmosphere free from fear or humiliation. Students need clear expectations Of learning outcomes so they can measure these against the skills they already have in order to establish their learning goals. Students also require access to the physical resources necessary to achieve their learning goals. Qualitative academic standards can only be maintained within a learning atmosphere which honors the diversity and integrity of each individual, builds self- esteem, provides productive and purposeful learning activities, and prepares dents for responsible citizenship. Whatever level of motivation your students bring to the classroom will be transformed for better or worse, by what happens in that classroom. Department of Education and Early Childhood Development I From the day children are born, they enter a new and colorful world of discovery, where everything is new and unfamiliar. To get to know themselves, others and their worlds, they need to feel safe and confident. Creating rich, stimulating, engaging environments for them to explore will ensure that they are active participants in their own learning. The Early Learning and Child Care Curriculum is based on the vision all children can grow to their fullest potential with dignity, a sense of self worth, and a zest for living and learning. To reach this point requires a holistic approach to early learning and care, where all of the curriculum elements function in harmony with each another. The curriculum promotes healthy development by emphasizing responsive relationships, stimulating environments and learning through play. Based on up-to-date research on how to maximize childrens learning, the curriculum appeals to the uniqueness of each and every child. This factor contributes to the innovative nature of the curriculum, and allows its contents to be practiced across a variety of cultural, linguistic and social backgrounds. By implementing its teachings at the earliest age possible, children are prepared for a smoother transition into primary school, and given a foundation of learning that will support them throughout their lives-Caring and supportive relationships are fundamental when creating an environment that encourages healthy learning experiences for children. Positive relationships foster feelings of safety and trust that all children need n order to explore and experiment with confidence.

Overview of the Business School Application Process

Overview of the Business School Application Process Business School Applications Defined A business school application is a general term used to describe the application (admissions) process that most business schools use when deciding which students they will admit into a program and which students they will reject.   Components of a business school application vary depending on the school and the level at which you are applying. For example, a selective school may require more application components than a less-selective school. The typical components of a business school application include: Official transcriptsStandardized test scoresRecommendation lettersApplication essays When applying to business school, you will find that the admissions process can be rather extensive. Most of the top business schools are very selective and will look at a variety of factors to determine whether or not you fit with their program. Before you are placed under their microscope, you will want to make sure that you are as prepared as you can possibly be. The rest of this article will focus on business school applications at the graduate level. When to Apply to Business School Begin by applying to your school of choice as soon as possible. Most business schools have either two or three application deadlines/rounds. Applying in the first round will increase your chances of acceptance, because there are more empty spots available. By the time the third round has commenced, many students have already been accepted, which lessens your chances considerably. Read more: MBA Application TimelineRound Admissions StrategyRound Admissions vs Rolling AdmissionsTips for Round Two Applicants Transcripts and Grade Point Average When a business school looks at your transcripts, they are essentially evaluating the courses you took and the grades you achieved. An applicants grade point average (GPA) can be evaluated many different ways depending upon the school. The median GPA for applicants admitted into top business schools is approximately 3.5. If your GPA is less than that, it doesnt mean that you will be excluded from the school of your choice, it simply means that the rest of your application should make up for it. Once you get the grades, youre stuck with them. Make the best of what you have.  Read more: The Role of GPA in Grad School AdmissionsRaise a Bad GPA After the Fact Standardized Tests The GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) is a standardized exam used by graduate business schools to assess how well students are likely to do in an MBA program. The GMAT exam measures basic verbal, mathematical, and analytical writing skills. GMAT scores range from 200 to 800. The majority of test takers score between 400 and 600. The median score for applicants admitted into top schools is 700.  Read more: Taking the GMATHow Important is Your GMAT ScoreWhen to Retake the GMAT Recommendation Letters Recommendation letters are an essential part of most business school applications. Many business schools require at least two letters of recommendation (if not three). If you want to truly enhance your application, recommendation letters should be written by someone who knows you very well. A supervisor or an undergraduate professor are common choices.  Read more: Recommendations That Work for Business School Applicants10 Sample Recommendation LettersRecommendation Letters FAQ Business School Application Essays When applying to business school, you may write as many as seven application essays ranging between 2,000 and 4,000 words. Essays are your opportunity to convince your school of choice that you are the right pick for their program.  Writing an application essay is no easy feat. It takes time and hard work, but it’s well worth the effort. A good essay will compliment your application and set you apart from other applicants.  Read more: Seven Tips for a Better Application Essay Admissions Interviews Interview procedures vary depending on the business school you are applying to. In some cases, all applicants are required to interview. In other cases, applicants are only allowed to interview by invitation only.  Preparing for your interview is just as important as preparing for the GMAT. A good interview will not guarantee your acceptance, but a bad interview will surely spell disaster.  Read more: Common Interview QuestionsInterview Dos and Donts

EVALUATE THE MAIN EU REGULATORY REACTIONS TO THE FINANCIAL CRISIS Essay

EVALUATE THE MAIN EU REGULATORY REACTIONS TO THE FINANCIAL CRISIS INCLUDING THE CHANGES TO THE EU REGULATORY PROCESS FOR FINANCIAL SERVICES - Essay Example Evidently, the financial crisis began in the second quarter of 2006 in United States. To this end, there were significant losses registered banks in United States as a result of sub primal foreclosures of mortgages (Chrisdoulaki, 2010). Consequently, since the mega banks in European Union and United States were operating under business models which were similar, the financial distress facing the United States were replicated in the European Union. To this end, the mega banks located on both the European Union and United States suffered from under-capitalization and insufficient liquidity reserves. Evidently, the financial regulations of the European Union are carried out at the continental level as well as within the individual countries. The European regulatory response to the crisis was significantly slower to that of the United States. The onset of the decline in profits within the United States was immediately reflected by a similar decline in profits by E.U banks (Clark, Feldman , & Gertler, 2000). The German government and regulators in the finance industry requested the European Commission to bail them out within six months after the crisis began. The bail out of 9 billion Euros was granted and was directed at the IKB German Bank (Grote, & Marauhn, 2006). Furthermore, the governments of other member countries of the European Union pumped in capital within their financial institutions. Examples included the Northern Rock bank located in the United Kingdom. The fast pace of the spread of the financial crisis was not unexpected since most of the securitized United States debt was originated for distribution to European investors and institutions. To this end, the financial crisis that affected the European Union is blamed on the business model of â€Å"originate-to-distribute† that is synonymous with U.S banks (Mattoo & Sauve?, 2003). Evidently, the large international financial institution adopted this model which allowed the institutions to increase their lending power without disrupting the set capital standards by regulators. Moreover, this model created instruments such as credit default swaps, mortgages guaranteed by securities, and debt obligation that were collaterized (Ferran, 2012). In this regard, such instruments played a part in exploiting weaknesses evident in financial regulatory structures. In addition, under-written mortgages and securities, insufficient coordination within national regulatory bodies, and regulatory arbitrage by the regulators all played a role in undermining the regulatory structures (Smith, 2005). To this end, the challenge of identifying and enforcing effective measures in response to the financial crisis in the European Union has been slowed down since the financial regulations are normally carried out at the member country and European level ( Helleiner, Pagliari, & Zimmermann, 2010). In light of the financial crisis of 2007-2009, the subsequent sections will address the financial regulator y responses carried out by the European Union as well as changes to the EU regulatory process for financial services. Financial Regulatory Reform Plan by the European Union Following the financial crisis of 2007-2009, the European Parliament Committee for Economic and Monetary Affairs met on 21st July 2010. In this regard, they approved a version of The Dodd-Frank Act adopted by the United States. The new version would seek to improve the regulatory bodies for securities, pensions, insurance, and banking sectors. The Act would also have the authority to overrule national governments on pertinent issues. In addition, the plans by the

Development Appraisal and Cost Forecasting Research Paper

Development Appraisal and Cost Forecasting - Research Paper Example The rent that can be acquired on the site will be 3190 per square meter. This makes the developer to get the capital back in 8.6 years. The profits start from 9 the year. According to the third unit the developing, investment and rental activities are not feasible. The developer can choose between the above two options and can decide on it. As per the competition he cannot get the bid less than the 22353.84 GBP per square metre. By calculating the profit the investment can be compared with the A out of the comparables given to compare the rental activity. This is because the rent is higher in that case and the developer is using steel and dress stones to clad externals. The maximum bid that can be offered to get the bid can be decided by taking into account that the pension fund is offering 610 basis points above LIBOR. This will make the investment of 27500 GBP per square meter increased by 2612.5 GBP per square meter. The maximum investment the developer can offer per square meter to get the bid is 30112.5 GBP. To this the other charges should be added. They are architect costs, solicitor costs, VAT, valuation fee stamp duty and LIBOR and they amount to 19.35 percent. This increases the amount to be invested per square meter to 35984.4375 GBP per square meter. The developer cannot invest or bid more than this per square meter. Any customer can invest 2.5 times the disposal price to buy a flat. ... Any customer can invest 2.5 times the disposal price to buy a flat. This gives 1,25,000 GBP for each flat and the revenue on selling the total 6 flats will be 7,50,000 GBP. The cost of land is 3,88,000 GBP. The profit of the company if the flats are sold for 7,50,000 GBP should be 165000 GBP. The cost of the flats for the company should be 585000 GBP. The cost of built ceiling shouldbe 585000 - 388000 = 197000 GBP. The company should built the flats at the cost not more than 1,97,000 GBP. 3. Anticipated Profit from Scheme Cost of site = 470000 + charges = 470000+11750+ 7050+82250 + 2500 = 573550 GBP The cost of interest rate 10 percent per annum. This makes the total cost of site = 659582.5 GBP. The expected rentals on each office space developed by client = 7500 x 25 x 12 + 500 = 2250500 GBP per year. 1 acre = 4046.9 square metre 2 acres = 8093.8 square metres. The developer is anticipating 7.5 percent of profit. In the coming 3 years of time. The cost of land is 573550 GBP The rentals can be acquired in 3 years = 6751500 GBP. The cost f built should be not more than 6751500 - 573550 = 6177950 GBP. The anticipated profit of the developer will be 573550 GBP in a three years period. Section B The wall area of the building I = 2x22/7x 11.25 x 2.3 = 162.64 Square metres The floor area of the building I = 22/7x 11.25 x 11.25 = 397.76 Square metres. The wall to floor ratio = 0.40. This implies that the building is stable regarding the wall to floor ratio. The wall area of the building ii = 80 x 2.3 = 184 square metres The floor area of the building ii = 20 x 20 = 400 square metres. The wall to floor area ratio is = 0.46. though this is substantially stable and efficient, the stability is les than the i building. The wall area of

A Review of Pete Zimmer Quartet Prime of Life CD Release Essay

A Review of Pete Zimmer Quartet Prime of Life CD Release - Essay Example The instruments especially the saxophone could be heard clearly all through mainly emphasized the melody. The guitar clearly brought out the rhythm of the musical. The melody, harmony, and rhythm combined to bring a soothing and exiting feeling. The performance was one of the preeminent jazz performances I have attended. This paper focuses on the different aspects incorporated in the performance to bring harmony, mellow and maintain the right rhythm. The stage was gorgeous since it was dimly lit using candles mainly placed at the back at the background were burgundy curtains that gave the stage an amorous feel. However, the stage looked quite small and the band members were positioned close together, which limited their movements. At the back was the band member playing the drum while the rest of the band took positions to form what looked like a rectangular. Two of the band members remained standing while the rest remained seated. Just like most jazz musicals, the music was harmonio usly spacious with a similar chord structure played repeatedly. At the start, the saxophonist played the rhythms to outline the formation of the song (Riggs, 2008). At the far back was Zimmer playing the drum while the rest of the band took positions to form what looked like a rectangular alignment. ... All through the performance, Zimmer played the drum with swings using sticks and brushes, which propelled the rest or the band forward. Bernstein moved from side to side as he plucked the guitar to keep the rhythm of the musical. The music was delicate and swinging with a graceful rhythmic undertow such that though the music lasted long the energy is desirable all through. The song played included â€Å"Carefree,† â€Å"Getting Dizzy,† â€Å"Search,† and Jeremy Pelt.† The â€Å"Prime of Life† was one of the songs played and the title of the CD that Pete Zimmer Quartet was launching. All the songs had an either fast or moderately fast tempo. The song of the day â€Å"The Prime of Life† was played in each of the three sessions. The rhythm or the music had a moderately fast and bouncy tempo with the drumming swinging from elusive to strident style. The rhythm could generally be described as syncopated and quite complex. Just like most jazz musica ls, the rhythm was swingy and irregular. The swings sounded exaggerated creating a forward momentum emphasized by the drum. However, towards the end, the jazz musical was slightly slow and relaxed. The different instruments could be heard playing the same melody but at different rhythms. I can only describe the overall rhythm as somehow tensed with some sense of looseness. The harmony of the jazz musical played could be described as quite racing with short off beats at the end of all phrases. The beats were quite emphasized all through with off beat’s being stronger. The harmony was in one way or another unpredictable, which is a common feature in most jazz music. The sound of the bass helped maintain the harmony. The jazz musical was similar to most jazz performances in aspects pertaining to the rhythm, tempo, as

The Macro Economic Policies Of Australia

The Macro Economic Policies Of Australia Australian governments over precedent decades have conventionally aimed towards including triangular objectives of financial growth, domestic poise, and external poise within framework of single economy. (DORNBUSCH, Rudiger, 2006) Collectively, these trio set of objectives aim towards sustaining nationalized financial growth while retaining inferior inflation as well as limiting the mass of overseas debts and liabilities. Several researches conducted in concerned field have revealed that there is no consistency in level of economic growth though; it is influenced greatly by fluctuations of international business cycle. (DORNBUSCH, Rudiger, 2006) A governmental macroeconomic management is referred as an attempt to minimize the impact of international business fluctuations by controlling demand to facilitate sustained growth together with inferior inflation and unemployment. In the last decade macroeconomics policy in Australia has been directed at controlling inflation as it would be associated with macroeconomic stability and growth. Following on from the GFCs the governments main emphasis of macroeconomic policy has been trying to avoid a recession. Contrast these two phases of policy. Explain how macroeconomic policy objectives, targets and instruments have differed. Explain how macroeconomic policy objectives, targets and instruments have differed. Outline the experiences of the Australian Economy over the last 10-15 years making use of macroeconomic aggregates these may be presented in summaries of tables and/or graphs. Stress should be placed on the challenges facing policy makers at present and likely challenges. Before the global economic crisis (GFC), the Australian economy has seen significant growth in terms of GDP ignoring various crises that have affected the global economy such as the Asian financial crises (1997-1998) and the United States (US) dot com bust (2000) (reference). Throughout this time, Australian macroeconomic policy (MP) has primarily been directed at controlling inflation to maintain stability and growth. MP refers to the structure, performance, behaviour and decision making of a whole economy. (Reference) states that MP is associated with the study of aggregates such as gross domestic product (GDP), price indices and unemployment rates to examine how the economy functions. Macroeconomic Policy The continuance of a steady economic environment in Australia post GFC has proven to be a difficult task, with the surfacing of undesired inflation and external account pressures (Treasury, 2008). According to Treasury (2008) acts of policy to tackle such pressures has consistently contributed to short-term downturns and, unavoidably, constrained the prolonging of economic growth. The basis of the issue, however, is the policy failure which permitted the pressures to appear. Nevertheless, the resulting changes in the economic outlook would affect the self-assurance of businesses and consumers and their readiness to engage in the process of structural change. Moreover, disparity in fiscal policy and hesitation about inflation predictions has lead to higher real interest rates, discouraging investment and distorting investment patterns. In the last few years substantial progress has been made in addressing inflation and to a lesser extent current account deficit constraints (RBA, 2009). The current cycle has been characterised by low inflation, with monetary policy being carried out on a more strategic basis with the desire to keep principal inflation consistent with the Reserve Bank of Australias (RBA) average target range of 2 to 3 per cent over a yearly cycle. Last year the Government introduced a new framework for the conduct of policy, clearly recognising the Reserve Banks role and endorsing its inflation objective. The clarification of policy responsibilities, and recognition of their observance in practice over time, together with an accumulating record of low inflation, is likely to have a continuing positive impact on lowering inflation expectations and creating confidence in a sound investment environment. Australias large structural current account deficit reflects both inadequate national saving and inadequate investment returns overall (ABA, 2009). On the saving side, the principal cause is a deficiency in public saving especially at the Commonwealth level. The Government through its fiscal consolidation program is addressing this problem and has put in place a policy framework that will maintain the adequacy of the Commonwealth contribution to public saving. Statements 1 and 2 spell out in detail the fiscal strategy, including improved transparency and accountability practices, and implementation of the strategy in the years ahead. The benefit of a more soundly based fiscal policy is likely to be seen over time in the capacity of the economy to sustain faster rates of growth than would otherwise be the case. While it is too early to be able to point to any concrete results with confidence, the 1997-98 economic outlook presented in Statement 2 suggests that higher saving in prospect next financial year will help to constrain the current account deficit. Before the global economic crisis of 2007 the Australian economy sustained increased economic growth of approximately 8% per annum except for the year 1997-1998 (Asian financial crisis) (The Australian Year Book 2008). This resilience reflects on well-timed monetary and fiscal policy responses; strong demand from various major trading partners, such as China; increased population growth that aided demand in the domestic economy; and the robustness of the financial sector (The Australian Year Book 2008). More generally, Australias strong economic performance can be commended by decades of economic reform in economic policy, regulatory frameworks and governance. These have increased the flexibility of the economy, and strengthened its ability to withstand unforeseen circumstances. Dungy and Pagan (2007) suggest that aggregate behaviour exists between fiscal policies and is connected Since 1997/98 the federal budget has been in surplus continually, apart from a very small deficit in one year. The governments net debt has been retired. Gross debt on issue is maintained at a small size in order to facilitate a functioning bond market so as to allow efficient risk pricing more generally. As with monetary policy, there is a medium-term framework for fiscal policy emphasising balance over the business cycle. There is much less inclination today than there once was to use fiscal policy as a counter-cyclical stabilisation tool. Significant fiscal challenges in the long-term include health spending and responding to population ageing, as the very important work by officers of the Australian Treasury has made clear. Macroeconomic policy has a supportive and complementary role in providing a stable economic environment conducive to sound investment decisions by business and to encouraging workers to invest in upgrading their skills to take advantage of new employment opportunities. Macroeconomic aggregates are: Aggregate behaviour: relationships between economic aggregates such as national income, government expenditure and aggregate demand. For example, the consumption function is a relationship between aggregate demand for consumption and aggregate disposable income. Models of aggregate behaviour may be derived from direct observation of the economy, or from models of individual behaviour. Theories of aggregate behaviour are central to macroeconomics. Aggregate demand: aggregate demand (AD) is the total price for demand for final goods and services in the economy (Y) at a given time and price level [1]. It is the amount of goods and services in the economy that will be purchased at all possible price levels.[2] This is the demand for the gross domestic product of a country when inventory levels are static. It is often called effective demand, though at other times this term is distinguished. It is often cited that the aggregate demand curve is downward sloping because at lower price levels a greater quantity is demanded. While this is correct at the microeconomic, single good level, at the aggregate level this is incorrect. The aggregate demand curve is in fact downward sloping as a result of three distinct effects; Pigous wealth effect, the Keynes interest rate effect and the Mundell-Fleming exchange-rate effect. Aggregate expenditure: is a measure of national income. It is a way to measure the GDP or Gross Domestic Product (A measure of the level of economic activity). It is defined as the value of planned goods and services produced in an economy. GDP is calculated by the formula C + I + G + NX and I = Ip + Iu (planned + unplanned investment), Aggregate Expenditures is defined as C + Ip + G + NX, where: C = Consumption Expenditure (Also can be written as CE) I = Investment G = Government spending NX = Net exports (Exports-Imports) Aggregate supply Aggregation problem Effective demand: Saving Government Macroeconomic goals: High and stable economic growth rates Low unemployment Low inflation Stable and manageable Balance of Payments RBA article: RBA uses short term interest rate as its operating instrument for implementing monetary policy. RBA sets target level for its cash rate. RBA has two options It can target particular level of bank reserves and accept the resulting outcome for short term interest rates It can seek to achieve a particular target level for short-term and supply whatever quantity of services is demanded at the target rate. For a given demand curve for reserves the RBA will need to alter the supply of bank reserves to implement a change in the stance of monetary policy. While banks continue to hold reserves with the RBA these reserves are associated with settlement in the payments system. In addition the RBA pays interest on reserves which is linked to the cash rate. An important effect on the current operating procedure is the relationship between the quantity of reserves and the level of the policy rate. Monetary policy operating procedures is based on the supply of and demand for some measure of the money supply. Systematic changes to the stance of monetary policy need to be implemented by changing the supply of bank reserves. Central banks can influence the stock of bank reserves by undertaking open market operations either directly with the banking system or with the non-bank public. A central bank is unable to independently determine both the quantity of bank reserves and their price. To understand how the RBA achieves its target for the cash rate it is necessary to consider the operation of the payments system in Australia and the overnight cash market. In Australia the major players in the payments system are the nonbank public (households and firms), the private banks, the RBA and the federal government. The trend in unemployment in the most recent decade has generally been downward. Following a rise of a percentage point in the economic slowdown in 2001, it has fallen to the lowest levels since the mid 1970s. The long expansion, with occasional temporary pauses, has done a lot to foster lower unemployment. But the changes in labour market arrangements over the past 20 years or so have also been very important. Indeed, I would argue that they are a key contributor, not least because they have facilitated the longer length of economic expansions. http://www.bis.org/review/r080516b.pdf?noframes=1 Firstly, as is widely accepted, tax systems must be fiscally sustainable across the economic cycle. Secondly, while monetary policy is the principal instrument of macroeconomic management, it is still necessary to remain mindful of the short-run liquidity effects of fiscal policy The challenges associated with an aging population identified in the Intergenerational Report have prompted the Howard Government to establish a long-term strategy to put fiscal policy on a more sustainable footing. Central here was the creation of an independently managed Future Fund in 2006 to help meet the costs associated with Australias aging population. The primary goal of the Future Fund is to accumulate adequate capital to meet the Commonwealths unfunded $91 billion superannuation liability so that it does not burden future generations. The Future Fund has been capitalised from a number of sources including asset sales, special seed funding (designed in part to preserve sovereign debt markets) and budget surpluses from the governments cash account. While the Future Fund is primarily about fiscal sustainability rather than stabilisation per se, it is important to note that the structure of the Future Fund and the allocation of surpluses to it do have some important implication s for the stabilisation debate. The significant point here is that the Future Fund represents an innovative vehicle in which cash surpluses can be invested without stimulating short-run consumption. Overall recent Australian fiscal policy has been consistent with the objectives set out in the Charter, in that fiscal policy is clearly being conducted on a sustainable basis with significant financial resources now being invested in the Future Fund. What is less clear, however, is the impact of this policy on the goal of macroeconomic stabilisation and whether the challenges currently confronting the Australian economy may require more careful consideration of the impact of fiscal policy on short-run economic activity. Given the political sensitivity of the issue and the RBAs understandable reluctance to speak outside its official mandate, the central bank has not been willing to provide the government with explicit advice on fiscal policy. Indeed the new RBA Governor, Glenn Stevens, attempted to down-play the issue at a February 2007 Parliamentary Committee hearing when he stated that it was unlikely any election spending spree would have enough short-term impact to enter into the RBAs interest rate calculations (Wood 2007). Activist fiscal policy of the Keynesian golden age may well have passed, with monetary policy now established as the primary instrument of macroeconomic management. Yet this does not mean that we can completely ignore the stabilisation function of fiscal policy which Musgrave described almost half a century ago. This is especially so when, as in the case in Australia at present, key sectors of an economy are running at close to full capacity and inflationary risks are building. Under these circumstances fiscal policy must not only be sustainable, it must also be sensitive to its potential to stimulate demand in the short-run. Fortunately, for the Australian economy it seems that there is an awareness of the need to exercise a degree of fiscal restraint in the prevailing conditions with both major parties. http://eprints.utas.edu.au/3970/1/3970.pdf Challenges: Australias population is projected to reach nearly 36 million by 2050 an increase of around 14 million The first challenge is that an ageing population implies slower economic growth. As the proportion of the population that is of traditional working age falls, the labour force participation rate is projected to fall (from above 65 per cent today, to below 61 per cent over the next 40 years), dampening workforce growth. Population dynamics explain one-half of the 0.4 percentage point gap between annual growth in GDP per capita over the next 40 years relative to the past 40 years the other half being due to a technical assumption relating to productivity growth. The second challenge is that working Australians will need to support an ageing population that, in part due to continuing technological advancements, is likely to be living longer. Men aged 60 in 2050 are projected to live an average of 5.8 years longer than someone aged 60 today, while women aged 60 in 2050 are projected to live an average of 4.8 years longer. This is great news for Generation Y, but a sobering statistic for future budgets. The greater publicly funded health, aged care and related expenditures to support Generations X and Y in their retirement years will need to come from a relatively smaller number of workers than we have today. On a no policy change basis, a significant fiscal gap is projected. The intergenerational report shows how the Governments fiscal strategy to constrain real expenditure growth contributes to reducing, without wholly eliminating, the projected fiscal gap. The third challenge identified in the intergenerational report concerns the impact of climate change on ecosystems, water resources, agricultural production and weather patterns. Against these challenges, there are three topics I want to say something about today: Promoting economic growth by improving productivity and workforce participation; The implications of a growing population, particularly for infrastructure investment; and Medium-term prospects for capital flows required to finance national investment. For obvious reasons, I wont be saying anything about climate change on this occasion. Discuss the concept of instruments and targets in macroeconomic policy and assess how this concept of instruments and targets in macroeconomic policy and assess how this concept might be applied to the current policy framework in Australia. A number of people have asked me for clarification on instruments and targets as referred to in assignment 2. Here is what I mean: These refer to macroeconomic policy. INSTITUTIONS make policy. Examples would be the Reserve Bank of Australia and the Treasury. These institutions set policy TARGETS. An example of such a target would be an annual inflation rate of no more than 3%. Policymakers then use policy INSTRUMENTS to meet the targets. Typical instruments include the RBA cash rate or government spending. Show how the economic theory you have learnt can be used to explain current macroeconomic policy. How is inflation measured? GDP Deflator Consumer Price Index: an average of the prices of the goods and services purchased by the typical urban family of four. Producer Price Index: An average of the prices received by producers of goods and services at all stages of the production process fiscal and monetary policy The tools the Australian government controls to smooth short-run fluctuations in the economy inflation, unemployment and external trade The causes and effects of inflation, the link between inflation and unemployment, Australian trade with the rest of the world Fiscal policy: Fiscal policy is the government operation of government spending (G) and taxes (T). Typically we consider the problem of how the government can manipulate G and T so as to control economic variables such as output, inflation, interest rates, etc. Issues: how fiscal policy can stabilize the economy? what about government borrowing and public debt? Budget deficit: the budget deficit is the extent of overspending by the government Budget deficit = G T Expansionary fiscal policy: increasing the budget deficit (Gà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ or Tà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å") usually in a recession. Contractionary fiscal policy: decreasing the budget deficit (Gà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" or T à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ) usually in an economic boom. Budget deficits and surpluses If the government spends more than it brings in in taxes, what happens? (G > T) The money has to come from somewhere. For developed countries, this means borrowing (issuing government debt or public debt) from domestic residents or foreigners. If the government is spending less than it brings in in taxes, the government can reduce public debt. The Australian government has followed this policy in the last 10 years. Types of fiscal policy We differentiate two types of fiscal policy: Discretionary fiscal policy: This is fiscal policy that comes about from planned changes in G and T that the government brings in response to the economic situation. Non-discretionary fiscal policy: This is fiscal policy that comes about from the design of spending and taxes. There is no government official actively determining these changes. Non-discretionary fiscal policy Certain parts of our spending and taxes automatically increase demand in a recession (when AD < potential GDP) and decrease demand in a boom (when AD > potential GDP). Welfare spending and unemployment benefits are part of G and increase in a recession and decrease in a boom. Income and company taxes are part of T and depend on GDP, they increase during a boom and decrease during a recession. These act as automatic stabilizers on the economy, reducing the variability of the economy. Cyclically-adjusted budget deficits The automatic stabilizers raise the budget deficit in a recession and lower the budget deficit in a boom. This fact means that we can not just look at the budget deficit to determine whether the government is overspending, we also have to take into account where we are in the business cycle. Adjusting the budget deficit for the point we are in the business cycle is called cyclically adjusting. We would expect even a sensible government to be in a deficit in a recession. Discretionary fiscal policy Discretionary fiscal policy is the manipulation of G and T by government officials typically to reduce the severity of shocks to the economy. It sounds like a good idea, but how does it work in reality? There are many problems and limitations to the use of fiscal policy to reduce recessions and booms. Problems with discretion Scenario: Imagine a train driver that has only one control- an accelerator/brake that he or she can push or pull on to control the train. This is exactly the same situation as the government faces with fiscal policy. Now what limitations can the train driver face? Problems with discretion Limitations: Correctness of data: Is the train driver seeing the tracks correctly? Or Does the government get the right data about where the economy is? Timing of data: Is the train driver seeing the tracks with enough time to react? Or Does the government get the statistics quickly enough to do anything? Decision lags: Can the train driver make a decision about the correct action before the train reaches the problem spot? Or does the government have time to design the correct fiscal policy? Problems with discretion Administration lags: If the driver pulls on the control, how long will it take for the brakes to start to work? Or New spending and taxes have to be passed through parliament, which takes time, even after a decision is made. Operational lags: If the brakes start to work, how long before the train slows down? Or New government spending and taxes take time to affect the economy. So even the best-designed fiscal policies can go wrong if they are in response to the wrong data or if they take too long to affect the economy. Political considerations There are further concerns we might have about the operation of fiscal policy. Politicians have to remain popular. No one likes taxes, and everyone likes new spending on themselves. Will a politician make an unpopular decision that may result in them losing the election if it is the best decision for the economy. Electoral cycles: Governments have to be re-elected every 3-4 years. So a politician would love to engineer a boom right before his or her election. Crowding out Another problem with fiscal policy is that an increase in G may increase output but at the expense of other components of aggregate expenditure. Y = C + I + G + NX Since the economy returns to potential GDP over the long-run, an increase in G must come at the expense of either C, I or NX or all 3. If an increase in G reduces investment spending over the long-run, this could lead to lower future growth in the economy. Crowding out How can this happen? An increase in G shifts the AD curve to the right. This results in higher Y and higher P. The increased government borrowing in the market for savings raises the interest rate. Higher interest rates lead to lower investment spending so I drops, shifting AD left. Higher interest rates leads to an appreciation of the A$ (as foreign investors put their money in Australia), so NX drops, shifting AD left. Crowding out- I and NX Government debt One problem that economic commentators always point to is the level of government debt- Our debt is too high. How do we evaluate the level of government debt? How do we know is it is too high. Government debt is like any other form of debt. You evaluate the debt relative to the income/wealth of the person incurring the debt. A $500,000 debt might be high to you and me, but it might mean nothing to Kerry Packer. Government debt So we need to evaluate government debt relative to government income. But what is the appropriate form of government income, as the government doesnt earn or produce anything. Generally we use the income of the country as the comparison, since the government is free to tax or claim any part of GDP. Government debt So our criterion for too much is debt (B, since typically government debt is issued in government bonds) over GDP (Y): B / Y Banks would make much the same calculation when considering whether to issue someone a home loan. In general debt is growing at the rate of interest each year, r, while GDP is growing at the growth rate of the economy, g. Monetary policy Firstly, monetary policy uses the level of interest rates to influence the economy in the short to medium term. Its major goals are to stabilise demand and inflation in the medium term and inflationary expectations and to achieve the governments objectives of sustainable growth with underlying inflation of about 2-3%. Source: Chapter 12 of the book plus second part of Module 3. Monetary policy is the government operation of the money supply and interest rates. Typically we consider the problem of how the government can manipulate monetary policy so as to control economic variables such as output, inflation, interest rates, etc. Issues: how monetary policy can stabilize the economy? how will monetary policy affect interest rates or exchange rates? Who operates monetary policy? The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) is responsible for monetary policy. The RBA was given 3 goals when it was created: Maintain low inflation Maintain low unemployment Maintain value of the A$ The RBA was only given one policy tool- the money supply to achieve 3 goals. In the mid 1990s, the RBA was simply told to have one aim: Maintain low inflation. Definitions The RBA implements monetary policy through its control of the cash rate. Cash rate: The cash rate is the rate the RBA charges bank for loans within the RBA reserves system. The cash rate is the base interest rate for the economy, and all other interest rates are derived from it. Easy monetary policy: When the RBA lowers the cash rate to stimulate AD. Tight monetary policy: When the RBA raises the cash rate to cut off AD. Interest rates As we saw in the Investment section, the profitability of investment projects depends on the nominal interest rate. The lower are interest rates, the more projects will be profitable, so the higher will be investment spending. Since the RBA controls the cash rate, and since all interest rates depend on the cash rate, the RBA controls I, and so can shift the AD curve. How monetary policy works Cause-Effect Chain of Monetary Policy: Money supply impacts interest rates Interest rates affect investment Investment is a component of AD Equilibrium GDP is changed Monetary policy and the open economy Net Export Effect Changes in interest rate affect the value of the exchange rate under floating exchange rate. An increase in interest rate appreciates the currency, resulting in lower net exports A decrease in interest rate leads to currency depreciation and a rise in net exports So an easy monetary policy is enhanced by the net export effect. Quantity theory of money There is a nice, simple model of money which explains many features of money supply and demand. This model is called the quantity theory of money. If we imagine that money is needed for all of the purchases made each year, then demand for money is the vale of purchases: PY. The supply of money for purchases is the amount of cash in the economy. But each piece of money in the economy can be used multiple times during a year in transactions. We call the number of transactions the velocity of money v. Quantity theory of money So the total supply of money for transactions in a year is v times M: vM. So demand equals supply requires that: PY = vM So if Y goes up, but nothing else does, then average level of prices must fall. The QTM is good to use for thinking about money and inflation. Unemployment A person becomes unemployed: Job loser Job leaver New entrant or re-entrant into the labour force He or she is no longer unemployed: Hired or recalled Withdraws from the labour force Labour force participation rate Unemployment rate Types of unemployment Three main types of unemployment: Cyclical unemployment Frictional unemployment Structural unemployment Cyclical unemployment Associated with the ups and downs of the business cycle Takes place due to insufficient aggregate demand or total spending- reflects shifts in AD curve. High during recessions and low during booms. Fiscal and monetary policies can reduce cyclical unemployment policies are relevant. Frictional unemployment Associated with the period of time in which people are searching for jobs, being interviewed and waiting to commence duties. It is inevitable and always exist Fiscal and monetary policies can not reduce frictional unemployment macroeconomic policies are irrelevant. Policies that make it easier to find new jobs will affect

Children in Blake’s Poetry Essay -- William Blake Poetry Poets Essays

Children in Blake’s Poetry The use of children is a prominent theme in a number of William Blake’s poems. It is apparent in reading such poems as, â€Å"The Lamb,† â€Å"The Little Black Boy,† and â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper,† that Blake sees the world through the eyes of a child and embraces the innocence of the young. Blake’s poem â€Å"The Lamb,† from Songs of Innocence really illustrates the innocence and purity of a young child. The persona in the poem is of a young child. The child questions the lamb as to where he came from and asks, â€Å"Little Lamb who made thee? / Dost thou know who made thee?† (9,10) The child is expecting the Lamb to answer him but it is obvious to the reader that the Lamb can’t talk. When the child receives no answer, he decides that he’ll tell the lamb where he came from. He says, â€Å"Little Lamb, I’ll tell thee!† (12). The child says: He is called by thy name for he calls himself a Lamb; He is meek & mild, He became a little child; I a child & thou a lamb, We are called by his name. (13,18) The child really shows that his innocence here. The Lamb is being referred to as Jesus, the Lamb of God. The child is saying that that Lamb, Jesus and the child are all the same. What the boy does not understand, because he is a child and so innocent, is that the Lamb will be sacrificed, and the child will die, just like Jesus did when He was crucified. â€Å"The Little Black Boy† from Songs of Innocence is another poem that illustrates the innocence of children. The poem is written from the persona of a little black boy who has been told that being white is better then being black. The little boy says: And I am black, but O! my soul is white; White as an angel is the English child; But I am b... ...s parents have gone to church to pray. The child blames his parents as well as society for his present position in life and says: â€Å"And because I am happy, & dance & sing, They think they have done me no injury, And are gone to praise God & his Priest & King, Who make up a heaven of our misery.† (9,12) Unlike â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† from Songs of Innocence, the young boy in this poem realizes that he is going to die and that this is wrong. He blames God, his parents and society for letting this happened to him. Blake is still seeing the world through the eyes of a child in this poem, however, he is looking at it from a more mature or experienced point of view. Many of William Blake’s poems contain images of children and depict children as innocent and naà ¯ve. Blake sees the world through the eyes of a child and he shows this through his poetry.

A Built-On Trust is a Trust that Lasts a Lifetime Essay

When I was teenager, all guys who were the same as my age drove a car. They had their own cars where they can go from their homes to their schools. Naturally, I also had the same desire in wanting to drive a car. It was a natural thing to do, but my family denied me of the privilege to drive a car. I had no choice but to follow them, but still, the desire in that one simple action fueled in me. On the other hand, I did not want to be less than my friends because I have to respect my family’s opinion. One day, when my father came from work, I ran to him and greeted him.   He seemed tired from work, so I asked him for the car’s key so I can wash the car. I washed the surface of the car and then I started to also clean the inside. I sat on the driver seat while cleaning, but without meaning to and without ill intentions, I suddenly felt this chance would not come again. I just had this desire to do something, but I was scared at the same time. I put the key and I turned the engine on without moving the car approximately for just 10 minutes—listening for the engine sound and imitating how to drive. I was pretending to turn the signal or opening the window to talk to a friend, but all of that was just a daydream. After that, I felt it would be awesome if I could drive. I finished cleaning the car and I returned the key to my father. When I went to bed that night, I was thinking how I can get the key again. I should find a reason or an excuse to have the car keys again, so I thought of a plan. Sometimes, my father drops us off at school when he has time. So the next day, I left some stuff in my father’s car without him knowing it. When he came from work later that day, I went to him as usual and greeted him. I then said â€Å"Oh, father I think I left some of my stuff in the car, could you give me the key to check if they are there or not?† He gave it to me, and I was smiling from my heart until I felt the happiness show on my face. I opened the car. I turned the engine on, and there was no car in front or behind of my father’s car. A new idea formed in my mind saying â€Å"one step†; so I moved the car one step front and then one step back. I spent almost forty five minutes just like that. My young brother came and was looking for me because I spent such a long time for my stuff. I then turn off the car and my brother did not see me moving the car, but I thought he saw me. While we entered the home, I got sweaty and felt they were looking at me, but they did not say anything. My heart kept pumping until I went to my room. I looked at the mirror and I told myself: â€Å"I did it! I did it!† but my sister was there and she said â€Å"What was it that you did?† I then replied strongly: â€Å"Nothing! And do not ask anything when it is not your business.† I did that to give myself confidence and to make her confused. Human is human, and humans have always had attitude in wanting to change for the better or to want more things in life. When a child learns how to walk one step, he wants to learn how to walk in the second step. I too, am like that. I did not feel enough that it was enough in just moving the car with one step, because after one week, my father bought things for our home and he asked me to bring it to him. Instead of bringing them, I decided to ride the car two to five minutes around our home, but I was not sure if I could do it. One of my friends who is also my neighbor was looking at me and he said, â€Å"I know what you are going to do. You will just take one step front and one step back. If you are not ready to drive the car as a real man, do not waste the fuel.† I got angry because of this, and I told him to see that I can drive. I did not really mean it, but I was afraid that he would tease me in front my friends in the future. I drove the car in our suburb, and I drove slowly. When I went back to return my father’s car, our neighbor parked his car in my father’s place. I panicked and I told my friend to move their car or he if he can ask his father to do it. I was nervous and I didn’t want my father to go outside our home and see the car wasn’t in the right place. However, my friend moved their car, and I parked our car and I swore that I am not going to drive the car again because I don’t want to lose my father’s trust. Also, when I tell my father that I have already done school work or any important thing he wants me to do, I do it and I tell him that I have done it. For example, when he asks if I had done my home work and I tell him that I have done it, he would believe me, and I make it a point to do it so when he asks me again, I tell him that I have done it. I think it is important that we do no fail the expectations of our family because if we fail at it, we become irresponsible and they will note give the same trust that they have given us before. One day, I told my father that I was going to be late in school because we have a school project, but I really went somewhere else. When I went home and he asked me how was school, I told him that it was okay and that we were going to do a lot of things in the following days because there were many things we need to do for school. For the next following days, my family thinks that I am still in school or in the library when I am actually with my friends, playing basketball or some games. This continued on until one day, one of our neighbors saw me playing and he told my father why I was not home that time when they saw each other. My father was very angry because I was lying and I felt scared and sad that I lost his trust. So, I told him we were there because it was part of the school work and that basketball was needed to test some things for the information needed in the school work. My father did not believe me and said that he wants to see what it is that I was doing and asked that I show him the stuff needed for the school work. I was now more scared, but then, I remembered that I always took notes in my classes and showed it to him. My father was very happy when he saw that I was studying hard and was very serious with school. However, after that, I was thinking that I did not want to lie anymore because my family and father’s trust is so very much important to me. I would not want to lose it just because I was lying. I feel that the trust that my father and my whole family have given me is very important. When a person loses the trust of someone else, it is very hard to gain it again and restore that trust. That is why I find the value and importance of keeping my father’s trust. I think, like love, trust is very important because a person is able to prove himself to his family. In my case, if I break the trust of my father and it goes away, it would be very hard to earn it again, because I think, at the back of his mind, he would always be thinking that I might make a mistake again and break his trust. This is why it is very important for a person to make the trust of a family, something to be treasured. I want to say that I have difficulty speaking and writing in English, but because of hard work, I was able to improve step by step. However, it was never easy from the start. When I left for the United States, I was not sure if my family, especially my father, would agree if I can study abroad, but because I was able to keep his trust, I was allowed to go. It is very important that I keep on building his trust and never lose it because if I lose it and break his trust, how can he trust me to make heavier and more important decisions in my life? That is why the only thing that can make him happy and not lose his trust to me is if he sees that I am studying very hard and not doing anything else but trying very hard to make him and my family happy. It is very important to persevere and keep in mind that difficulties will arise and hinder me in fulfilling my dreams and making my family. For example, learning the language of English is very challenging and difficult. I used to just know a few words, and whenever I use it, I still have difficulties and people have a hard time understanding me, but because of my determination to study hard and not give up, I succeeded. I know that it can be very hard if a person would like to learn English and earn good grades, but I want to make my family happy and make them feel that I have not wasted anything by going to the United States and studying. If I can show them that I am working hard in making them happy and not doing anything that can make them feel that they should not trust me anymore, then I think they would not feel that they are wrong in trusting me, and they would continue to believe in me and my efforts and my abilities. It is very hard to keep the trust of a person, especially the trust of a family member, but if a person works hard, does not stray away from his goals, and keeps in mind that no matter what happens, he should make his father and his family happy and make them not lose their trust, I believe that things will turn okay and not get bad. Everything will work out because I have my father’s trust and I will not do anything to break that. I have promised my family that I will get good grades and I will do that. I will succeed and not fail them.

Feng Shui essays

Feng Shui essays Feng Shui (pronounced phung schway) means wind water. It is the Chinese Art of Placement, which brings balance to the energy in an environment (also known as chi). Fung Shui is an ancient science which goes back at least 3 500 years. Feng Shui is based on the Taoist viewpoint of nature: including the Yin-Yang Theory and the Five Element Theory. Everything is made of chi or energy, which is organized into five elements: fire, water, metal, wind and earth. These elements are an important part in the Fung Shui way. Do not think of the five elements as still physical elements but energies. In Feng Shui the elements go a little beyond their importance, as we know it, for example fire is not just for warmth and light however in Feng Shui fire is the only element that has to be created. Fire burns and destroys many things and is also strong enough to destroy metal, which is another element. The nature of the fire element is always powerful. The Chinese people like energizing fire because it is full of the precious Yang essence, which brings good fortun e. In Fung Shui, the element of fire is placed in the south corner of a room or house to bring in great success, fame and recognition. For the element of fire you can use a bright lamp, fireplace, candles etc. The element of water is also quite similar to the element of fire because it too is extremely forceful. In Feng Shui water is to be place in the north part of a room to activate the energy, which, is to bring harmony and luck. For this element you can use objects such as an aquarium, fountains, or even the colours of water to place in the north section. The element, which differs the most, is the element of wood. Wood is the only element which has a life of its own. Wood symbolizes expansion, symbolized by the happiness of springtime when plants grow. This element can be placed in all corners of a room because it symbolizes growth. To represent the elem ...

Free Essays on Abnormal Psych

Before reading this chapter the term abnormal only reflected the one end of a spectrum ( Manic-depressant, etc.). Abnormal was defined by me as someone who â€Å"freaked† me out. Two real good examples of this would be Russell Crowe’s character in A Beautiful Mind, and the many characters in One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest. It was the extreme bottom that triggered the word abnormal to me. Webster’s dictionary defines abnormal as anything from the norm. Using this definition leaves a lot open for interpretation. This definition makes it appear that someone who is above the norm is than also considered as abnormal. But what is the norm? Theoretically, the average IQ for a person is roughly around 100. If someone was to have an IQ of 120 is that person then considered abnormal? Taking this one step farther, if that same person was placed in a school in which the average IQ is then 120, now could this person no longer be considered abnormal but part of the norm? Within ever group, a research is able to find a subgroup (the IQ example). Having a subgroup can then make someone who is out of the norm now part of another norm. A more accurate definition for abnormal could be â€Å"a behavior that is seen as harmful or destructive to either themselves or others around them. With such a definition alcoholism, or any addiction for that matter can than be considered as abnormal. This version of abnormal indicates that a person is in need of a change, and a change for the better. Abnormalities maybe be above and below the norm but someone who is above the only change that can be made is one that is negative, and in psychology therapists are trying to change their patients for the better not the worse.... Free Essays on Abnormal Psych Free Essays on Abnormal Psych Before reading this chapter the term abnormal only reflected the one end of a spectrum ( Manic-depressant, etc.). Abnormal was defined by me as someone who â€Å"freaked† me out. Two real good examples of this would be Russell Crowe’s character in A Beautiful Mind, and the many characters in One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest. It was the extreme bottom that triggered the word abnormal to me. Webster’s dictionary defines abnormal as anything from the norm. Using this definition leaves a lot open for interpretation. This definition makes it appear that someone who is above the norm is than also considered as abnormal. But what is the norm? Theoretically, the average IQ for a person is roughly around 100. If someone was to have an IQ of 120 is that person then considered abnormal? Taking this one step farther, if that same person was placed in a school in which the average IQ is then 120, now could this person no longer be considered abnormal but part of the norm? Within ever group, a research is able to find a subgroup (the IQ example). Having a subgroup can then make someone who is out of the norm now part of another norm. A more accurate definition for abnormal could be â€Å"a behavior that is seen as harmful or destructive to either themselves or others around them. With such a definition alcoholism, or any addiction for that matter can than be considered as abnormal. This version of abnormal indicates that a person is in need of a change, and a change for the better. Abnormalities maybe be above and below the norm but someone who is above the only change that can be made is one that is negative, and in psychology therapists are trying to change their patients for the better not the worse....

Final Paper on Christian Stewardship and Sustainability Essay

Final Paper on Christian Stewardship and Sustainability - Essay Example The property that Christians handle includes their bodies, animals, plants, and the environment such as water and the air in the atmosphere (Lowenthal 29). The most recent concept of stewardship on matters of Christianity was on the issue of the responsibility human beings had especially when handling their environment or Earth itself as a whole (Albers 196). On ecological bases Christian stewardship takes up another definition. In this field, stewardship is referred to as the conviction that every grace or gift of nature comes from God and human beings are the stewards and trustees of the marvelous gifts (White 35). Christians are urged to appreciate and respect the theological importance of earth by practicing ecological stewardship deeds that are meant to protect both earth and the resources that it possesses. The unique gifts of creation were not created only for human use, but they also have their own integrity, value and dignity. The aspect of ecological stewardship dates way back to the creation story. In the story, God gave mankind dominion over all his creations (Mumford 65). Sadly human beings have misinterpreted the mandate and have incalculably abused and exploited nature. Sustainability on an ecological base refers to the response made to tackle the call made on ecological conversion (Marsh 30). The sustainability of ecological systems is achieved by informing the community and individuals on the significance of the environment. The actions of individuals should be mindful about matters of global equity and the generations that will succeed them (Marsh 36). The community should also portray attributes such as responsibility, care and respect when handling the environment .Sustainability of the ecology also requires evaluation of scientific developments and balanced judgments on the impact the environment may have in the future; especially on social matters as speculated by catholic teachings. Christian stewardship

Brotherhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brotherhood - Essay Example The brotherhood love makes people to share and support each other in times of joy, pain and sorrow. Brothers trust and rely on each other, allowing one to be prepared for all circumstances that might arise. A brother will not permit another to venture into the world or face a challenge when not well prepared. Men offer to join brotherhood groups so that they can improve and help each other. Joining a new country which has a new culture and language was meant to be a major challenge. Adapting to the lifestyle, meals, culture as well as communicating using a new language would prove to be a challenge. This made it necessary to form and join a group of people who face the same challenge. Since Blue Ridge school is a boy’s boarding school, all group members were of same gender. This proved to be a challenge at first but it had its own advantages. Group members could share freely and openly and others would understand and intervene without discrimination. Being a new member of a boy’s boarding school, it was through the intervention of others that adapting and settling to the school routine was made easier. Communication barriers were well bridged by the group members who better understood English. The older members assisted new members in settling in including teaching the new members how to tie a neck tie, which was quite a new experience. It was after spending some time in the institution that the interaction with other students led to meeting with other Korean students. Sharing the same background improved the relationship between these twenty Korean students leading to organized interaction sessions during the school hours reserved for sporting activities. Sharing Korean meals, getting involved in similar activities and studying together made the bond between the group members to be stronger every passing day. Through the intervention of the brotherhood group, I was able to

Sulfur recovery processes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sulfur recovery processes - Essay Example gas treatment system, where the effluent gases that remain from the purification process are used to oxidize sulfur into sulfur dioxide, instead of being released to the atmosphere to cause pollution. Most significant is that this process yields high quality sulfur, making it a good source of this valuable chemical (Kohl & Nielsen, 1997). However, the air pollution controls that have been put in place have made the Claus process even more expensive, since some installations that prevent air pollution have to be made, despite the fact that they may not be economical at all. The problem of Claus Process is added to, by the fact that it is unable to fully convert hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur, due to some equilibrium limitations. Therefore, no matter how well the emission of sulfur compound is controlled, the process ends-up releasing relatively high quantities of the air pollutant than is actually acceptable (Kohl, 1997). Thus, most of the times, the process requires to be supplemented with specific processes meant to remove the sulfur residue, which ensures that any excess sulfur emission from the process is cleaned-up. Claus process occurs in two forms, referred to as the straight-through process and the split-flow process. The processes are differentiated by the fact that, while in the straight-through process gas is fed through the reaction furnace, it is fed directly into the major catalytic reactor through bypassing the furnace, in the split-flow process (Kohl & Nielsen, 1997). The choice of the process to be used between these two sulfur purification processes depends on the content of hydrogen sulfide in the gas to be purified, and whether the gas contains hydrocarbons. If the gas to be purified contains hydrocarbons, then, the straight-through process is opted for, while the split-flow process is applied where the gas does not contain large quantities of hydrocarbons (Kohl, 1997). There are some fundamental aspects of the Claus process that should

Treason, Terrorism and Wartime Criminal Justice Essay Example for Free

Treason, Terrorism and Wartime Criminal Justice Essay In the history of the United States the acts of treason, terrorism and criminal justice during times of war have taken on various forms. From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the current war on terror, the Constitution and its amendments have been challenged to ensure national security. To understand this we must first look at what treason and terrorism are and the effects they have had in the reduction of civil liberties during times of war. Treason   Treason is defined as: â€Å"The betrayal of ones own country by waging war against it or by consciously or purposely acting to aid its enemies. †Ã‚   (Wehl, 1950) Under Article III, Section 3, of the Constitution, any person who levies war against the United States or adheres to its enemies by giving them â€Å"aid and comfort† has committed treason within the meaning of the Constitution. The term aid and comfort refers to any act that manifests a betrayal of allegiance to the United States, such as furnishing enemies with arms, troops, transportation, shelter, or classified information. If a subversive act has any tendency to weaken the power of the United States to attack or resist its enemies, aid and comfort has been given. The Treason Clause applies only to disloyal acts committed during times of war. Acts of disloyalty during peacetime are not considered treasonous under the Constitution. Nor do acts of Espionage committed on behalf of an ally constitute treason. For example, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of espionage, in 1951, for helping the Soviet Union steal atomic secrets from the United States during World War II. The Rosenbergs were not tried for treason because the United States and the Soviet Union were allies during World War II. â€Å"Under Article III a person can levy war against the United States without the use of arms, weapons, or military equipment. Persons who play only a peripheral role in a conspiracy to levy war are still considered traitors under the Constitution if an armed rebellion against the United States results. After the U.S. Civil War, for example, all Confederate soldiers were vulnerable to charges of treason, regardless of their role in the secession or insurrection of the Southern states. No treason charges were filed against these soldiers, however, because President Andrew Johnson issued a universal amnesty.† (Smith, 1956) The crime of treason requires a traitorous intent. If a person unwittingly or unintentionally gives aid and comfort to an enemy of the United States during wartime, treason has not occurred. Similarly, a person who pursues a course of action that is intended to benefit the United States but mistakenly helps an enemy is not guilty of treason. Inadvertent disloyalty is never punishable as treason, no matter how much damage the United States suffers. As in any other criminal trial in the United States, a defendant charged with treason is presumed innocent until proved guilty â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt†. Treason may be proved by a voluntary confession in open court or by evidence that the defendant committed an â€Å"overt act† of treason. Each overt act must be witnessed by at least two people, or a conviction for treason will not stand. By requiring this type of direct evidence, the Constitution minimizes the danger of convicting an innocent person and forestalls the possibility of partisan witch-hunts waged by a single adversary. Unexpressed seditious thoughts do not constitute treason, even if those thoughts contemplate a bloody revolution or coup. Nor does the public expression of subversive opinions, including vehement criticism of the government and its policies, constitute treason. The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right of all Americans to advocate the violent overthrow of their government unless such advocacy is directed toward inciting imminent lawless action and is likely to produce it (Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444, 89 S. Ct. 1827, 23 L. Ed. 2d 430 [1969]). On the other hand, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the distribution of leaflets protesting the draft during World War I was not constitutionally protected speech (schenck v. united states, 249 U.S. 47, 39 S. Ct. 247, 63 L. Ed. 470 [1919]). Because treason involves the betrayal of allegiance to the United States, a person need not be a U.S. citizen to commit treason under the Constitution. Persons who owe temporary allegiance to the United States can commit treason. Aliens who reside in the United States, for example, can commit traitorous acts during the period of their domicile. A subversive act does not need to occur on U.S. soil to be punishable as treason. For example, Mildred Gillars, a U.S. citizen who became known as Axis Sally, was convicted of treason for broadcasting demoralizing propaganda to Allied forces in Europe from a Nazi radio station in Germany during World War II. â€Å"Treason is punishable by death. If a death sentence is not imposed, defendants face a minimum penalty of five years in prison and a $10,000 fine (18 U.S.C.A.  § 2381). A person who is convicted of treason may not hold federal office at any time thereafter.† (Chapin, 1964) Terrorism Terrorism is defined as: â€Å"The unlawful use or threat of violence, especially against the state or the public as a politically motivated means of attack or coercion.† (Davenport, 2009) When we speak about terrorism, we initially mean transnational terrorism, which takes the form of the violent conflict between two or more different states. If we take terrorism as violation of certain social norms, the norms of what state should we take into account? On the one hand, terrorism directly violates the social norms of the society against which it is directed. On the other hand, terrorism becomes an acute response to the threats, under which the social norms of the terrorist state may appear. With the growing threats of terrorist attacks, numerous attempts have been made to explain the causation and roots of terrorism. There are several political, economic, and psychosocial theories which explain what terrorism is. The notion of terrorism has been discussed from the viewpoint of different disciplines and from various theoretical perspectives. Terrorism has been depicted more in political and social, rather than criminological terms. There have not been too many attempts to link terrorism to crime. This is why we still lack profound understanding of terrorism’s causation. Research has not produced any new theories which would explain terrorism. As a result, we can only utilize the existing well known crime theories to explain the notions and the roots of terrorism. The traditional picture of modern terrorism implies that terrorism has mainly Islamic roots. The extreme conservatism of the Islamic world and its reluctance to become a part of the worlds technological revolution may also serve the cause of terrorism. Rapid technological change changes the way institutions relate to one another. Change produces new norms, and new values. Those socialized to the old norms take time to adapt, and this ‘time lag’ results in the normative confusion between the old and the new societal values. (Laufer Adler, 1998) When such changes expand beyond the borders of one state and involve whole nations and continents, there will always be those who would refuse to conform to the new norms. The transition from the older to the newer norms actually causes significant stress onto the societal conscience. Terrorism is the ultimate act of opposition against the imposed implementation of the new norms. As states use terrorism to prove their social or political position, they defend their social norms and violate the norms of other states. Trying to determine the roots of terrorism, we must look at the so-called irrationality of terrorism†. This hypothesis stems from the theory of rational choice. Although it is difficult to deny that terrorism is a rational choice activity, in many instances rational choice remains irrelevant to explaining terrorism as a crime. This is further proof of the fact that we need one unified objective theory which would draw the terrorism cause in logical terms. On the one hand, terrorism as a crime is irrational in responsiveness to incentives. (Caplan, 2005) This factor determines the willingness of a person to commit a crime: the better the incentives are, the more inclined towards a crime a person will be. Moreover, rational choice suggests weighing all possible alternatives in choosing the tactics of specific crime. â€Å"The same holds for suicidal terrorism. Groups do not adopt suicide tactics for their own sake. They adopt them because they work†. On the other hand, we cannot explain terrorism within the theoretical framework of narrow self-interests which is integrally linked to traditional rational choice theory of crime. (Wilson, 2005) â€Å"Suicidal terrorism is far stronger counter-example to narrow self-interest. From a non-evolutionary viewpoint, it is impossible to reconcile the two. No matter how much you receive for your services, it does you no good if you are not alive to consume anything. Furthermore, if you get paid first and die later, there is an end-game problem. A selfish agent would take the money, then do everything in his power to back out† (Caplan, 2005). â€Å"Terrorism is first and foremost a criminal matter†. However, criminologists still fail to produce a relevant and explicit theory about terrorism as a crime. We possess sufficient knowledge about terrorism as a political, economic, or social phenomenon, but for some reason we keep forgetting that terrorism is a crime, and we primarily perceive as a crime with its peculiar characteristics. We will never be able to develop sound anti-terrorism preventive measures, if we lack understanding of terrorism from the criminological perspective. (Hamm, 2007) We must be aware of what causes terrorist crimes, what justifies them, and how we can deal with terrorist violence. Our primary task is to shift the emphasis from political to criminological perspective of terrorism. We must ultimately recognize that prevalence and incidence of terrorism requires criminological re-consideration. The new crime theory of terrorism must be multifaceted, and should link criminology of terrorism to its political dynamics and environmental contingencies. (Laufer Adler, 1998) Wartime Criminal Justice Historically, Americans risk losing civil liberties in wartime. Two risks to civil liberties arise out of war situations, first that under the guise of emergency, powers concentrated into the hands of government agents are misused, and second, that when the emergency ends, liberties formerly enjoyed are permanently eroded. The Constitution divides war powers between the Congress and the President.   This division was intended by the framers to ensure that wars would not be entered into easily: it takes two keys, not one, to start the engine of war. The Constitutions division of powers leaves the President with some exclusive powers as Commander-in-Chief (such as decisions on the field of battle), Congress with certain other exclusive powers (such as the ability to declare war and appropriate dollars to support the war effort), and a sort of twilight zone of concurrent powers.   In the zone of concurrent powers, the Congress might effectively limit presidential power, but in the absence of express congressional limitations the President is free to act.   Although on paper it might appear that the powers of Congress with respect to war are more dominant, the reality is that Presidential power has been more importantin part due to the modern need for quick responses to foreign threats and in part due to the many-headed nature of Congress. A brief survey of American history indicates that virtually every war has been accompanied not only by necessary restrictions on individual freedoms, but on overreactions, often hysterical, that has unnecessarily curtailed the liberty of Americans. The undeclared naval war by Britain and France on the fledgling United States in the 1790s led President Adams’ Federalist controlled Congress to pass the â€Å"Alien and Sedition Laws†Ã¢â‚¬â€clear violations of the First Amendment. Prosecutions under the law, soon after repealed, were politically motivated. President Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus in thousands of cases during the Civil War. Although historians have granted the necessity and even the restraint of these acts, the Supreme Court repudiated this unilateral presidential power after the War ended. A World War I sedition law made criticism of the military draft a crime. Sedition prosecutions stifled free speech. In reaction, the ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) was formed and in a series of landmark cases, the Supreme Court strengthened First Amendment freedoms, limiting the ability of government to stifle unpopular political expression. Fear of Bolsheviks in post-World War I turmoil, a deadly Wall Street bombing, and assassination threats in 1919 led to the â€Å"Palmer Raids†Ã¢â‚¬â€round-ups of thousands of people around the country, mostly leftist or pro-labor, organized by J. Edgar Hoover under the authority of Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer. More than a hundred-thousand Japanese-Americans were interned for the duration of World War II in a tragic overreaction to the Pearl Harbor attack, a move upheld by the Supreme Court. President Roosevelt authorized national security wiretapping and eavesdropping on his authority, a necessary action that led to later abuses that were curbed by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). During the Korean War, President Truman nationalized the steel industry in order to break a strike that threatened war production. The Supreme Court swiftly ruled that this was an unconstitutional extension of the president’s war powers. The longest and most severe threat to civil liberty was the rise of the â€Å"national security state† for at least half of the twentieth century in an effort to thwart the real threats of fascism, Nazism, and expansionist Soviet communism under Stalin. Fascism and the Axis Powers were defeated both by military victories in World War II and by post-war assistance that painstakingly built constructed democratic regimes in Japan, Germany and Italy. â€Å"The long struggle to contain communist global expansion, warped American politics and justice in the 1950s, with political trials, loyalty oaths, Sen. Joseph McCarthy witch hunts (which missed real Soviet spies), artists’ blacklisting, local police department ‘red squad’ snooping, CIA spying on Americans within the country, FBI wiretapping Martin Luther King, Jr. And civil rights leaders, and a climate of political fear that equated a belief in racial equality or other liberal opinions with communism by the FBI.† (Stone, 2005) The anti-Vietnam War protests of the 1960s produced repressive political crimes and political trials, which carried over into the wiretapping abuses of the Nixon Administration resulting in the president’s resignation under threat of impeachment. After these emergency periods passed, repressive laws were typically repealed or declared unconstitutional, and excessive law enforcement behavior was curbed. The nations commitment to free speech rebounded, usually rather quickly, and sometimes more robustly than before. A Congressional report declared that the Sedition Act of 1798 had been passed under a mistaken exercise of power and was null and void. The Sedition Act of 1918, which was repealed two years later, helped give birth to the modern civil liberties movement. And in 1976, President Ford formally prohibited the C.I.A. from using electronic or physical surveillance to collect information on domestic activities of Americans, and the new F.B.I. director, Clarence Kelly, publicly apologized for F.B.I. abuses under J. Edgar Hoover. (Sofaer Williams, 2002) In summary, we see how acts of treason against the United States have taken on different forms. If an act can weaken the power of the United States to attack or resist its enemies, aid and comfort has been given, and thus treason has been committed. Terrorism has evolved both in complexity and with technology. It can take on domestic and international forms and is the ultimate act of defiance against a society. Politics and religion feed the terrorists’ fervor and with the advancements in explosives, even suicide bombers pose a significant threat. As terrorism and treason have evolved, so too have the responses to those acts. From the Sedition Act to the Patriot Act, these responses have been controversial but necessary to ensure the safety of our nation. Many think it not only inevitable but entirely proper that liberty give way to security in times of national crisis. The Founders warned us about the risk, and equipped us with a Constitution designed to deal with it. References Caplan, B. (2005). Terrorism: the relevance of the rational choice model. Criminology 43 (4), pp. 1039-1060. Chapin, B. (1964).   The American Law of Treason: Revolutionary and Early National  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Origins. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Davenport, A. (2009). Basic Criminal Law: The Constitution, Procedure, and Crimes. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Press. Hamm, M. (2007). Terrorism as a crime: from Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and beyond. New York: NYU Press. Laufer, W. Adler, F. (1998). Advances in criminological theory. Piscataway: Transaction Publishers. Smith, J. (1956). Freedoms Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Sofaer, A. Williams, P. (2002). Doing Justice During Wartime. Retrieved May 10, 2009, from Stanford University, Hoover Institution Web site: http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3461221.html Stone, G. (2005). Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism. New York: Norton, W. W. Company, Inc. Weyl, N. (1950). Treason: The Story of Disloyalty and Betrayal in American History. Washington D.C.: Public Affairs Press. Wilson, R. (2005). Human rights in the ‘War on Terror’. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.